A Journey of 100s Miles to dream

 Female reproductive organ are :- FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS/ PUDENDUM/VULVA Female external genital organs includes  1. Mons pubis -  • it is a rounded eminence present in front of the pubic symphysis.  • is covered with pubic hair  2. Labia majora - two thick folds of skin , form the lateral boundaries of the pudendal cleft.  3. Labia minora - two thin folds of skin, lie within the pudendal cleft  4. Clitoris- an erectile organ, homologous with the penis  5. Vestibule of the vagina - is space between two labia minora.  6. Bulbs of the vestibule - are two oval bodies of erectile tissue  7. Greater vestibular glands. -are homologous with the bulbourethral glands of Cowper in the male. Female INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS The internal genital organs includes :  1. a pair of OVARIES  • Primary sex organs , located in posterior abdomenl cavity on either side of vertebral column.  • Attached to upper part of UTERUS b...

  The male reproductive organ are following:-  A. External genital organs  1. Peins  • Erectable and highly muscular organ, used for copulation  • Hanging over the scrotum , become erect due to filling of Blood to spongy erectile tissue.  • Terminal part of peins is called glans penis.  2. Scrotum  • It is hanging out side of abdomenl cavity  • Scrotal sac is filled with a fluid called hydrocele.  • The scrotal sac communicate with the abdomenl cavity by a narrow canal callled inguinal canal  B. Internal genital organs  1. Testis  • It is primary sex organs, a paired , oval bodies.  • Each testis is divided into 200-300 testicular lobules by septa. Each lobules contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules.  2. Epididymis  • Very thin, very large, and highly convoluted mass of tube, lies outside and partlly encircling the tesits.  • Divided into three parts- caput epididymis , corpus epididymis and cauda epidi...

   A. FORMATION OF THE PLACENTA :-  • the placenta is the organ that carries out respiration, excretion and nutrition of the embryo , and is fully formed during the 4th month.  • the placenta develops as the embryo invades the endometrium of the uterus called implantation.  • after implantation , the endometrium is called decidua.  • the placenta is fromed partly from embryonic structures and partly by decidua.  • embryonic structures trophoblast forms the villous chorion. The formation of the villous chorion proceeds through three stages: primary chorionic villi, secondary chorionic villi, and tertiary chorionic villi.  • By the 4th month of pregnancy , the placenta is well developed organ. Fully formed placenta is about 6 inch in diameter, 500 gm in weight.  • It has two surface maternal surface and fetal surface.  B. FORMATION OF UMBILICAL CORD  • There is a opening called primitive umbilical ring on the ventral surface of the...

  A. shoulder(Glenohumeral) joint:- It Is a synovial ball-and-socket joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. Both articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage.  • Is surrounded by the fibrous capsule that is attached superiorly to the margin of the glenoid cavity and inferiorly to the anatomic neck of the humerus. The capsule is reinforced by the rotator cuff, the glenohumeral ligaments, and the coracohumeral ligaments.  • it Has a cavity --fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum;   communicates with the subscapular bursa; and allows abduction and adduction, flexion and extension, and circumduction and rotation.  • it Is innervated by the axillary, suprascapular, and lateral pectoral nerves  • it Receives blood from branches of the suprascapular, anterior and posterior humeral circumflex, and scapular circumflex arteries  • inferior or anterior dislocation, casuse stretches the fibrous capsule,  avulses ...

  A. Scapula(Shoulder Blade):- Scapula is flat bone places on the posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. It has 2 surface , 3 borders , 3 angels , and 3 processes. 2 SURFACE:-  1. costal surface or subscapular fossa:- It is concave. It is marked by three longitudinal ridges. there is another rod like thick ridges adjoins lateral border.  2. dorsal surface :- it gives attachment to spine of scapula that divides surface into supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa 3 BORDER:-  1. superior border:- it presents the suprascapular notch.  2. lateral border: - it presents the infraglenoid tubercle  3. medial border: - extends from the superior angle to the inferior angle. 3 ANGLES :-  1. superior angle  2. inferior angle  3. lateral or glenoid angle 3 PROCESSSES:-  1. spine or spinons process  2. acromion prosess  3. coracoid process ATTACHMENTS :-  • muscles that arises from scapula are subscapularis , supraspinat...

 Lymphatic system provides immune mechanism , involved in metastasis of cancer cells and also provide route for transporting fat and large protein from intestine to thoracic duct. It has following components:-  1. Lymphatic Vessels:-  • it is one way drainage towards heart , and retrun lymph to bloodstream thrrough thoracic duct(largest lymphatic vessel) or right lymphatic duct.  • it carry lymphocytes from lymphatic tissue to the bloodstream.  2. Lymphatic Capillaries:-  • they are present in most of the tissues , collect lymph fluid , and join to form large collecting vessels that passes to regional lymph nodes.  • they absorb lymph from tissue and transport it to venous system.  • they are called lacteals in the villi of small intestine, where they abosrb emulsified fat.  3. Lymph Nodes:-  • they are collections of lymphatic tissue.  • they produce lymphocytes and plasma cells And filter the lymph.  • they trap bacteria ...

   1. Trapezius Muscles Origin:-  • External occipital protuberance  • superior nuchal line  • ligamentum nuchae  • and spines of C7–T12 Insertion:-  • Spine of scapula, acromion, and lateral third of clavicle Nerve supply:-  • Spinal accessory nerve; C3–C4 Actions:-  • Adducts, rotates, elevates, and depresses scapula  2. biceps brachii Origin:-  • Long head from supraglenoid tubercle;  • short head from coracoid process Insertion:-  • Radial tuberosity of radius. Nerve supply:-  • Musculocutaneous nerve Actions:-  • Flexes arm and forearm, supinates forearm  3. sternocleidomastoid:- Origin:-  • sternal head :-from the manubrium sterni.  • clavicular head:-from one-third of clavicle. Insertion:-  • mastoid process and lateral half of the superior nuchal line. Nerve supply:-  • spinal accessory nerve  • C2–C8 (sensory) Action:-  • Singly turns face toward opposite s...

  SHORT NOTES mature ovum blasto cyst notochord placenta  A. Spermatogenesis:-  It is the process of maturation of male gametes in the wall of seminiferous tubules.  • It involves a series of changes in which spermatogonia convertes into spermatozoa.  • Duration: 64–74 days. Different steps of Spermatogenesis:- The following are different steps of Spermatogenesis :-  1. Spermatocytosis :-  • It is the process of conversion of spermatognia to primary spermatocytes.  • It takes 16 days  2. Meiotic Divisions:-  • process of conversion of primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes and then spermatids.  • It takes 24 days.  3. Spermiogenesis:-  • It is the process of metamorphosis of spermatids to spermatozoa .  • it takes 24 days.  • The process by which a spermatid gradually changes its shape to become a spermatozoon is called spermiogenesis Diagram of mature sperm  B. Mature Ovum  C. Blastocy...

   1. arterial supply of youbg long bone  2. sternal angle  3. cartilaginous joint  A. JOINT Joint is the junction between two or more bones or cartilages. It allow different types of movement. Joints are basically three types  1. fibrous joints ( Immovable )  2. Cartilaginous joints ( slightly movable)  3. Synovial joints (freely movable) CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:-  • bone are attached by cartilage  • they are slightly movable  • there are no joint cavity  • there are two typs of cartilaginous joint:-  a. Synchrondroses  the bones joined by hyaline cartilage.  eg:- Epiphyseal plate, Costal cartilage(to sternum)  b. Symphyses  the bones are joined by fibro cartilage .  eg:- pubic symphysis, Intervertebral joints SYNOVIAL JOINTS:- Characeteristic features of synovial joints:-  • has joint cavity between two bones  • cavity is filled with synovial fluid, that helps lubricate and prote...

  short note  • superior venacava  • transverse sinus of heart  • arch of aorta  • pericardial sinus  • coronary siniuse  • pericardium  • Surfaces of the Heart  A. Pericardium:-  • The pericardium is a fibroserous sac which encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels.  • It is situated in the middle mediastinum.  • It consists of the two layers fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium. FIBROUS PERICARDIUM:- Fibrous pericardium is a conical sac made up of fibrous tissue.  • Its apex is blunt ,and fused with roots of great vessels and with pretracheal fascia.  • its base is broad ,and attached with central tendon of diaphragam.  • Anteriorly, it is connected to the upper and lower ends of body of the sternum by superior and inferior sternopericardial ligaments .  • Posteriorly, it is related to the principal bronchi, the oesophagus with the nerve plexus around it and the descending...

  Mediastinum is the middle space left in the thoracic cavity in between the two lungs. Division:-  • the mediastinum is divided into the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum.  • The inferior mediastinum is further divided in to the anterior, middle and posterior mediastina. Posterior Mediastinum :- Boundaries:-  1. Anteriorly  • Pericardium  • bifurcation of trachea  • pulmonary vessels,  • posterior part of the upper surface of the diaphragm.  2. Posteriorly  • Lower eight thoracic vertebrae and intervening discs.  3. On each side  • Mediastinal pleura. Contents:-  1. Oesophagus  2. Arteries  • Descending thoracic aorta and its branches.  3. Veins  • Azygos vein,  • hemiazygos vein  • accessory hemiazygos vein  4. Nerves  • Vagi  • splanchnic nerves, greater, lesser and least, a rising from the lower eight thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic chain  5. ...

  1. brachial plexus is a network (plexus) of nerves (formed by the anterior rami of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1).  • This plexus extends from the spinal cord, through the cervicoaxillary canal in the neck, over the first rib, and into the armpit.  • Network (nerve plexus) of nerves that supply the arms  2. The celiac plexus, also known as the solar plexus because of its radiating nerve fibers,is a complex network of nerves (a nerve plexus) located in the abdomen, near where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta. It is behind the stomach and the omental bursa, and in front of the crura of the diaphragm, on the level of the first lumbar vertebra.  3. Aortic plexus is a network of pre- and post-ganglionic nerves overlying the abdominal aorta, which is primarily involved with the sympathetic innervation to the mesenteric, pelvic and urogenital organs. ...