shoulder joint ,elbow joint, knee joint

  A. shoulder(Glenohumeral) joint:-

It Is a synovial ball-and-socket joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. Both articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage.

 • Is surrounded by the fibrous capsule that is attached superiorly to the margin of the glenoid cavity and inferiorly to the anatomic neck of the humerus. The capsule is reinforced by the rotator cuff, the glenohumeral ligaments, and the coracohumeral ligaments.

 • it Has a cavity --fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum;

  communicates with the subscapular bursa; and allows abduction and adduction, flexion and extension, and circumduction and rotation.

 • it Is innervated by the axillary, suprascapular, and lateral pectoral nerves

 • it Receives blood from branches of the suprascapular, anterior and posterior humeral circumflex, and scapular circumflex arteries

 • inferior or anterior dislocation, casuse stretches the fibrous capsule,

 avulses the glenoid labrum, and may injure the axillary nerve

 • Ligaments of the shoulder joint are

 a. Glenohumeral Ligaments

 b. Transverse Humeral Ligament

 c. Coracohumeral Ligament: -

 d. Coracoacromial Ligament:-Extends from the coracoid process to the acromion

 e. Coracoclavicular Ligament:-Extends from the coracoid process to the clavicle

 • Bursae around the Shoulder are

 Subacromial Bursa ,Subdeltoid Bursa , and Subscapular Bursa

 B. Elbow Joint:-

It Forms a synovial hinge joint, consisting of the humeroradial and humeroulnar joints, and allows flexion and extension. It also includes the proximal radioulnar (pivot) joint, within a common articular capsule.

 • it Is innervated by the musculocutaneous, median, radial, and ulnar nerves.

 • it Receives blood from the anastomosis formed by branches of the brachial artery and branches of the radial and ulnar arteries

 • it Is reinforced by the following ligaments:-

 a. Annular Ligament:- attached to the anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch of the ulna.

 b. Radial Collateral Ligament:- Extends from the lateral epicondyle to the anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament of the radius

 c. Ulnar Collateral Ligament:-Extends from the medial epicondyle to the coronoid process and the olecranon of the ulna.

 C. KNEE JOINT:-

It Is the largest and most complicated joint. Although structurally it resembles a hinge joint, it is a condylar type of synovial joint between two condyles of the femur and tibia. It aslo includes a saddle joint between the femur and the patella.

 • It contains a fibrous capsule attached to the margins of the femoral and tibial condyles and to the patella and patellar ligament and surrounds the lateral and posterior aspects of the joint

 • it allows flexion, extension, and some gliding and rotation.

 • it is stabilized laterally by the biceps and gastrocnemius( lateral head) tendons, the iliotibial tract, and the fibular collateral ligaments.

 • it is stabilized medially by the sartorius, gracilis, gastrocnemius (medial head), semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles and the tibial collateral ligament

 • it Receives blood from

 a. the genicular branches of the popliteal artery,

 b. a descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery,

 c. an articular branch of the descending genicular artery, and

 d. the anterior tibial recurrent artery

 • it is innervated by branches of the sciatic, femoral, and obturator nerves.

 • it is supported by various ligaments and menisci :-

 a. Intracapsular Ligaments:-

 Anterior Cruciate Ligament,

 Posterior Cruciate Ligament,

 Medial Meniscus,

 Lateral Meniscus,

 Transverse Ligament

 b. Extracapsular Ligaments:-

 Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament,

 Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament,

 Patellar Ligament (Tendon),

 Arcuate Popliteal Ligament,

 Oblique Popliteal Ligament,

 Popliteus Tendon

 • various Bursae are

 Suprapatellar Bursa,

 Prepatellar Bursa ,

 Infrapatellar Bursa, and

 Anserine Bursa (Known as the Pes Anserinus [Goose Foot].