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Shock | Shock- clinical features | Classification | Cardiogenic shock – |Hypovolemic shock – | Septic shock – | Neurogenic shock-| Anaphylactic shock-  | Pathogenesis of septic shock | Stages of shock | Non-progressive phase- | Progressive stage-  | Irreversible stage- | Morphology | Clinical features of shock |

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Contents [hide]  Shock  Definition- Systemic hypoperfusion owing to reduction in either cardiac output or in the effective circulating blood volume. Shock- clinical features Hypotension Tachycardia Cold clammy skin Rapid shallow respiration. Drowsiness.  confusion, irritability Multi organ failure. Classification  Cardiogenic shock –  myocardial pump failure – Intrinsic myocardial damage (infarction), vent. Arrhythmias,  extrinsic comopression (cardiac tamponade) or outflow obstruction (pulmonary embolism). Hypovolemic shock –  loss of blood or plasma volume-  by h’hage, fluid loss from severe burns or trauma. Septic shock –  systemic microbial infection most commonly in gram negative infectns(endotoxic shock) ,can occur with gram +ve & fungal infectns Neurogenic shock- anaesthetic accident or spinal cord injury. Anaphylactic shock-  due to loss of vascular tone & peripheral pooling of blood- IgE mediated response -sys vasodil...
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Guidelines for treatment of asthma | medical energency condition Features | Acute management of COPD  | MBBS SIMPLIFIED HANDWRITTEN TO TEXT NOTES |

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Contents [ hide ] Guidelines for treatment of asthma   1.mild episode asthma- step 1   2.seasonal astma- step 2  3.mild chronic asthma with occasional exacerbations -step 2   4.moderate asthma with frequent excerbations -step 3  5.severe asthma -step 4,5 Step1 - inhaled short acting b2 agonist  Step 2 - low dose glucocorticoids or sodium chromoglyacate +inhaled long acting b2 agonist  Step 3- add leukotrine antagonist  Step 4 - inhaled high dose glucocorticoid+ipratropium bromide  Step 5 -add oral prednisolone +omalizumab Status asthmaticus  -medical energency condition Features  - chest pain,cynosis,bradycardia, hypotension,pulsus paradoxus Management  - correct dehydration  -O2 adminstration  -nebulise salbutamol and ipratropium bromide  -oral glucocorticoides  -if poor response is seen after one hour then following treatmanets are required •hospitalized the patient  •marked ventilation  •c...
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Pulmonary tb | Classiffication of drugs used in tuberculosis  | first line drugs | second line drugs  | second line newer drugs  | isoniazide | rifampicin | Uses of rifampicin  |

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Pulmonary tb is the bacterial infection of the lungs caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis... It can cause various symptoms like chest pain,difficulty in breadthing and severe coughing... Classiffication of drugs used in tuberculosis  1.first line drugs  -isoniazid(H)  -rifampicin(R)  -pyrazinimide(z)  -ethambutol(E)  -streptomycin(S)  2.second line drugs  -thiacetazone(tzn)  -para amino salicylic acide(pASA)  -ethionamide(etm)  -kanamycin(kmc)  -amikacin(am)  -capriyomycin(cpr)  3.second line newer drugs  -ciprofloxacin  -ofloxacin  -azithromycin  -clarithromycin  -rivabutn isoniazide  -first line anti tubercular drugs  -it is bacteriostatic for resting bacili and bactericidal for rapidlly diving organism -act on both extracelluar and intracellular tb bacilli  -MOA (inhibit the synthesis of mycolic acid which is present in the mycobacterial cel wall) -atypical mycobacteria are n...
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Vitamins

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 name differnt vitamins , symptoms of difiency of vit D, Vit K 10mark VITAMINS:- (2 mark) Vitamins are defined as "Small organic molecules present in diet which are required in small amounts "  • most of the vitamin are not synthesized in the body and hence they most be supplied in the diet.  • however, few provitamins are present in the body , which are converted to vitamins. types of vitamin: Vitamins are divided into two groups  1. Fat soluble vitamins  • Vitamin A  • Vitamin D  • Vitamin E  • Vitamin K  2. Water soluble vitamins  • Vitamin B complex  • Vitamin C Vitamin A (5 Mark)  • They are retinol (vitamin A alcohol), Retinal (vitamin A aldehyde) and retinoic acid (Vitamin A acid).  • in nature vitamin A occurs in two forms.  a. retinolesters- in the food of animal origin.  b. carotenes- in plant foods as provitamin.  • in the intestine, pancreatic esterase hydrolyzes retinolesters present in the ...
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function of bile juice, function of liver

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 FUNCTIONS OF BILE: 2.5 mark Most of the functions of bile are due to the bile salts.  1. DIGESTIVE FUNCTION  • emulsification of fats- fat globules are broken down into minute droplets ,in the form of milky fluid called emulsion.  2. ABSORPTIVE FUNCTIONS  • Absorption of fats -Bile salts combine with fats and make micelles, which is absorbed easily.  3. EXCRETORY FUNCTIONS  • Bile pigments are the major excretory products of the bile.  4. LAXATIVE ACTION - Bile salts act as laxatives .  5. ANTISEPTIC ACTION-Bile inhibits the growth of certain bacteria  6. CHOLERETIC ACTION-Bile salts stimulate the secretion of bile from liver. this action is called choleretic action.  7. MAINTENANCE OF pH IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT-As bile is highly alkaline, it neutralizes the acid chyme.  8. PREVENTION OF GALLSTONE FORMATION-Bile salts prevent the formation of gallstone by keeping the cholesterol and lecithin in solution  9. LUBR...
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digestion

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 👉 DIGESTION 5 👉name organ take part in digestion and name diffrrnt digestive juice,5mark 👉Digestive agents 4 mark DIGESTION 5 amrk digestion is defined as the process by which food is broken down into simple chemical substance that can be absorbed and used as a nutrient by the body.  • Digestive system is responsible for these functions  • Digestive process is accomplished by mechanical and enzymatic breakdown of food into simple chemical compounds.  • Digestive system plays the major role in the digestion and absorption of food substance. Thus , the function of digestive systems includes  a. Ingestion or consumption of food substances  b. Breaking them into small particles  c. Transport of small particles to different areas of the digestive tract  d. Secretion of necessary in enzymes and other substance for digestion  e. Digestion of the food particles  f. Absorption of the digestive product  g. Removal of the unwanted subs...
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carbohydrate ,fat, protein

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 🔊CONTENTS 👉Short notes - Carbohydrate 4M 👉 digestion and absorption of carbohydrate 6M 👉 digestion and absorption of protein 6mark  A. CARBOHYDRATE Human diet contains three types of carbohydrates:  1. POLYSACCHARIDES:-  • Starch (rich in potatoes)  • Cellulose and pectin, these cannot be digested by the enzymes in the human GIT.  • Glycogen, here glucose molecules are mostly in long chain  2. DISACCHARIDES:-  Two types of disaccharides are available in the diet.  • Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose), which is called table sugar or cane sugar  • Lactose (Glucose + Galactose), which is the sugar available in milk.  3. MONOSACCHARIDES:-  Monosaccharides consumed in human diet are mostly glucose and fructose. Other carbohydrates in the diet include:-  i. Alcohol  ii. Lactic acid  iii. Pyruvic acid  iv. Pectins  v. Dextrins  vi. Carbohydrates in meat.  B. digestion and absorption of carbohydrat...
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