Asphyxia

-

  A. ASPHYXIA

 Asphyxia is the condition characterized by combination of hypoxia and hypercapnea, due to obstruction of air passge.

 • Axphyxia develops in conditions characterized by acute obstruction of air passage such as Strangulation , Hanging , Drowning etc.

 • Effects of asphyxia develops in three stages:-

 a. Stage of Hypernea

 • Hypernea is the first stage of asphyxia .

 • it extends for about 1 minute

 • Breathing becomes deep and rapid due to the prowerful stimulation of respiratory centers by excess of carbon dioxide.

 • Eyes become more prominent .

 • Hyperpnea is followed by dyspnea and cyanosis

 b. Stage of Convulsions

 • Stage of convulsions is characterized mainly by Convulsions (uncontrolled involuntary muscular contractions)

 • Duration of this stage is less than 1 minute.

 c. Stage of Collapse

 • Stage of collapse lasts for about 3 minutes.

 • Severe hypoxia produces the following effects during thia stage:

 i. Depression of centers in brain and disappearance of convulsions .

 ii. Development of repiratory gasping occurs.

 iii. dilation of pupils

 iv. decrease in heart rate

 v. loss of all reflexes.

Duration between the gasps is gradually increased and finally death occurs.

All together , asphyxia extends only for 5 minutes.

The person can survive only by timely help such as relieving the respiratory obstruction , good aeration , etc.

Written by: RB Sah (MBBS)

Reference: K. Sembulimgan Physiology Book; Guyton and Hall Medical physiology 



Comments

Post a Comment

If you have any doubts, please let me know

Popular posts from this blog

Pulmonary tb | Classiffication of drugs used in tuberculosis  | first line drugs | second line drugs  | second line newer drugs  | isoniazide | rifampicin | Uses of rifampicin  |

-
Pulmonary tb is the bacterial infection of the lungs caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis... It can cause various symptoms like chest pain,difficulty in breadthing and severe coughing... Classiffication of drugs used in tuberculosis  1.first line drugs  -isoniazid(H)  -rifampicin(R)  -pyrazinimide(z)  -ethambutol(E)  -streptomycin(S)  2.second line drugs  -thiacetazone(tzn)  -para amino salicylic acide(pASA)  -ethionamide(etm)  -kanamycin(kmc)  -amikacin(am)  -capriyomycin(cpr)  3.second line newer drugs  -ciprofloxacin  -ofloxacin  -azithromycin  -clarithromycin  -rivabutn isoniazide  -first line anti tubercular drugs  -it is bacteriostatic for resting bacili and bactericidal for rapidlly diving organism -act on both extracelluar and intracellular tb bacilli  -MOA (inhibit the synthesis of mycolic acid which is present in the mycobacterial cel wall) -atypical mycobacteria are n...
Read more

Shock | Shock- clinical features | Classification | Cardiogenic shock – |Hypovolemic shock – | Septic shock – | Neurogenic shock-| Anaphylactic shock-  | Pathogenesis of septic shock | Stages of shock | Non-progressive phase- | Progressive stage-  | Irreversible stage- | Morphology | Clinical features of shock |

-
Contents [hide]  Shock  Definition- Systemic hypoperfusion owing to reduction in either cardiac output or in the effective circulating blood volume. Shock- clinical features Hypotension Tachycardia Cold clammy skin Rapid shallow respiration. Drowsiness.  confusion, irritability Multi organ failure. Classification  Cardiogenic shock –  myocardial pump failure – Intrinsic myocardial damage (infarction), vent. Arrhythmias,  extrinsic comopression (cardiac tamponade) or outflow obstruction (pulmonary embolism). Hypovolemic shock –  loss of blood or plasma volume-  by h’hage, fluid loss from severe burns or trauma. Septic shock –  systemic microbial infection most commonly in gram negative infectns(endotoxic shock) ,can occur with gram +ve & fungal infectns Neurogenic shock- anaesthetic accident or spinal cord injury. Anaphylactic shock-  due to loss of vascular tone & peripheral pooling of blood- IgE mediated response -sys vasodil...
Read more

Vitamins

-
 name differnt vitamins , symptoms of difiency of vit D, Vit K 10mark VITAMINS:- (2 mark) Vitamins are defined as "Small organic molecules present in diet which are required in small amounts "  • most of the vitamin are not synthesized in the body and hence they most be supplied in the diet.  • however, few provitamins are present in the body , which are converted to vitamins. types of vitamin: Vitamins are divided into two groups  1. Fat soluble vitamins  • Vitamin A  • Vitamin D  • Vitamin E  • Vitamin K  2. Water soluble vitamins  • Vitamin B complex  • Vitamin C Vitamin A (5 Mark)  • They are retinol (vitamin A alcohol), Retinal (vitamin A aldehyde) and retinoic acid (Vitamin A acid).  • in nature vitamin A occurs in two forms.  a. retinolesters- in the food of animal origin.  b. carotenes- in plant foods as provitamin.  • in the intestine, pancreatic esterase hydrolyzes retinolesters present in the ...
Read more